Assessing the Impact of Time Management on Employees...

TITLE PAGE ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF TIME MANAGEMENT ON EMPLOYEES PRODUCTIVITY IN AN ORGANIZATION. (A CASE STUDY OF FEDERAL RADIO CORPORATION OF NIGERIA (FRCN) KADUNA. BY Aroso Olubunmi DECEMBER, 2011. ABSTRACT This project is an explanatory attempt to study and assessing the impact of time management on employee productivity in an organization with special reference to Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria (FRCN) Kaduna. The study cover the impact and problem of time management in an organization, this research therefore attempts to review time management and its impacts on an employees productivity in (FRCN) Kaduna. Using the survey methods of research to gather and analyzed data. The need for time management†¦show more content†¦This makes workers to work and make better use of their time, there it has the secret of what is referred to as effective time management. To be effective we replace less importance task with more important ones if we tend to be objective about times. Every reward receive for a given labour, it is not for effort of the job rendered but for the time involved or time taken to do such job. Cordiner (1990) says that effective time management is everything every viable organization can employ to ensure effective, efficient management of time by employees to enhance productivity. This study is an attempt to identify and access these techniques and how time management enhances employees’ productivity in organization. 2. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Time management has been acknowledged the world over as necessary for enhancing productivity. This buttresses the reason why more importance is attached to time in every organization. However, experiences have shown that employees and management do not manage their time properly thereby leading to low productivity in the organization. More so, some of the employees in organisations are not conscious of time as a bureaucratic administration perhaps its account for the reason why most organization find itShow MoreRelatedAssessing the Impact of Time Management on Employees Productivity in an Organization. (a Case Study of Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria (Frcn) Kaduna.7617 Words   |  31 PagesTITLE PAGE ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF TIME MANAGEMENT ON EMPLOYEES PRODUCTIVITY IN AN ORGANIZATION. (A CASE STUDY OF FEDERAL RADIO CORPORATION OF NIGERIA (FRCN) KADUNA. BY Aroso Olubunmi DECEMBER, 2011. ABSTRACT This project is an explanatory attempt to study and assessing the impact of time management on employee productivity in an organization with special reference to Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria (FRCN) Kaduna. The study cover the impact and problem of time management in an organization

Global Warming The Green House Effect - 1030 Words

Global warming can also be known as the green house effect. It is a topic that has received a lot of attention in recent years yet our climate change is not a recent problem. Every year almost 7 billion tons of carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere by human activity. Global warming is in the earth s upper atmosphere directly caused by human burning of fossil, fuels, industrial, farming,coal,radiation and deforestation. Every year we see natural disasters that are extremely powerful. If we ignore the fact now the result could be catastrophic. As humans, we all have our own opinions but the problem of global warming should not be debated, it should be solved. The problem on Global warming has been unsolvable in the last 30 years,†¦show more content†¦Global warming is indeed a scan, perpetrated by scientists with vested interests, but in need of crash courses on Geology, logic and philosophy of science. Therefore claiming that global warming is bad don t really know even know if it really is as bad as they say it is. When considering Global warming, it is first important to know how recently statistics. Global warming has been caused by the people of the world. Many things have happened as a result. Since the beginning of 20th century, the average surface temperature has increased by 1.1 degree Fahrenheit. Just in the past 40 years. It has risen by a half of a degree. As of now the global sea level is rising three times faster than in the last hundred years when compared to the last three thousand years. This doesn t sound like much right away but any change in temperature causes melting to the polar ice caps. If they continue to melt, the sea level could start to rise dramatically. Furthermore, it is a fact that the average rice in temperature globally is 1.1 degree. The starting fact is that parts of Alaska, Canada, and Northern Russia. They have experienced a rise in temperature by 5 degree Fahrenheit. This means that they are in the Northern hemisphere where there is less water. Less water me ans less of the new found heat is being taken away be the vast ocean. These gasses are adding up everyday. In 1987 Carbon Dioxide reached 340 parts per million and in the 1999 360 ppm. It is

Integration of My Health Record Systemâ€Free samples for Students

Question: Discuss About The Integration Of My Health Record System? Answer: Introduction The selected organization Headspace provides health care objectives to the youth generation (aged 12 to 25). Depression and anxiety has been found in the young generation, which often lead to suicidal tendencies (Rickwood et al., 2014). Psychologist can help the patients to learn from their suicidal tendencies and make them get better. The current funding on the making of a software, which will be able to record the patients story for the first time and can be shared with all the doctors who will be treating the patient (Liu, Huang Liu, 2015). Such a software requires extensive use of cloud resources and secure form of data integration. The report further discusses about the different aspect of the project that is being developed by the organization with specific analysis of the problems, capabilities and the benefits of the project system. Approach on the development of the System The approach to be taken to create the My Health Record system is using a Cloud Server for storing the information on the patients (Coates Howe, 2014). The patient comes to the organization for the first time and registers himself or herself into their system. The in house psychologist takes a session with the patient and with his or hers consent record the story of the patient. The video is uploaded to the cloud server of the organization and a copy is provided to the patient. The video is available to the psychologist of the hospitals who have tied up a partnership with Headspace (Allison, Bastiampillai Goldney, 2016). The use of cloud server is being said because the technology has gained recent appreciation from many IT industries. The integration of a cloud server is a onetime process but the maintenance of such servers require technical expertise. Problems that might be faced The problems with the My Health Record system that can occur is about the security of the videos and documents that are kept on the server of the organization (Amos, 2017). The cloud security measure is the main point of concern for any organization using a cloud server. The data about the patient is highly confidential details, which are only shared with the organization upon stating that the organization will be keeping the details confidential, and under no circumstances will the details be disclosed to anyone without proper credentials (Sultan, 2014). Capabilities of the system being developed Upon using such project integration with the organization there will be a downfall of the suicidal tendencies that are mostly seen in the young generation (Fahmi Nasution, 2017). The major aspect of the procedure is keeping up with the latest trend of using information system in the organization. The use of cloud will help the organization to save up the space required for storing of the paperwork and the documents related to the patient. Keeping the documents in paper format can create a hassle for the organization to search the records of the patient when the patient is to be transferred to another doctor. Keeping the details on the cloud, sharing the details among the doctors will be an easier procedure. The doctor will be able to study the findings and the problems of the patient from the viewpoint of a fellow doctor. This will speed up the procedure and can help the patient to recover on a fast pace (Li et al., 2013). Benefits of the system The benefits of using a cloud based system server for this type of project is the reduction is the time taken to diagnose the patient by the different doctors who are allocated to the respective patient (Kaur Chana, 2014). The doctors who will be diagnosing the patient also share the details, which were recorded during the patients first visit to the organization, on the cloud for successful viewing. Upon referring the patient to another doctor, the doctor can view the story clipping beforehand and will be able to readily start diagnosing the patient as soon as he or she comes for the session. The security on the cloud can be used to keep the information safe from hacking and keeping up with the non-disclosure management between the patient and the doctor (Barua, Lu Shen, 2013). Conclusion To conclude this report, it can be seen that the organization related to the project, Headspace could continue developing the project. By following the guidelines, which has been discussed in the report the organization will be able to successfully, gather the required objective it has set for the project development. Integration of such a software will be a better step forward for the young patients who are being treated with suicidal tendencies. Sharing the finding and the story of the patient will speed up the process of diagnosis and eventually can treat the patient to a full recovery. The use of a modern technology like the cloud based system and data encryption will be helpful to provide confidentiality of the patients data record. References Allison, S., Bastiampillai, T., Goldney, R. (2016). Australias national youth mental health initiative: Is headspace underachieving?. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 50(2), 111-112. Amos, A. (2017). Youth mental health and mental wealth: reaping the rewards. Australasian Psychiatry, 25(2), 103-103. Barua, M., Lu, R., Shen, X. (2013, December). SPS: Secure personal health information sharing with patient-centric access control in cloud computing. In Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), 2013 IEEE (pp. 647-652). IEEE. Coates, D., Howe, D. (2014). The importance and benefits of youth participation in mental health settings from the perspective of the headspace Gosford Youth Alliance in Australia. Children and Youth Services Review, 46, 294-299. Fahmi, F., Nasution, T. H. (2017). Smart cloud system with image processing server in diagnosing brain Business dedicated for hospitals with limited resources. Technology and Health Care, 25(3), 607-610. Kaur, P. D., Chana, I. (2014). Cloud based intelligent system for delivering health care as a service. Computer methods and programs in biomedicine, 113(1), 346-359. Li, M., Yu, S., Zheng, Y., Ren, K., Lou, W. (2013). Scalable and secure sharing of personal healthcare records in cloud computing using attribute-based encryption. IEEE transactions on parallel and distributed systems, 24(1), 131-143. Liu, J., Huang, X., Liu, J. K. (2015). Secure sharing of personal health records in cloud computing: ciphertext-policy attribute-based signcryption. Future Generation Computer Systems, 52, 67-76. Rickwood, D. J., Telford, N. R., Parker, A. G., Tanti, C. J., McGorry, P. D. (2014). Reply headspace-Australia's innovation in youth mental health: who are the clients and why are they presenting?. The Medical journal of Australia, 200(8), 454. Sultan, N. (2014). Making use of cloud computing for healthcare provision: Opportunities and challenges. International Journal of Information Manage

Spoken Language Essay free essay sample

In this essay I shall explore the ways in which my speech changes according to the context I am in. Most people change the way they speak without knowing it and only realise it when they consciously try to listen for differences in their idiolect, such as their pitch, intonation, pronunciation, speed, lexis and length of their utterances. One aspect of speech which changes is my pitch. I use sarcasm occasionally when speaking to friends which involves placing unusual stresses, a higher pitch and speech is often slower, louder and more forced to emphasise the statement. For example, â€Å" well done Adam† becomes â€Å"well done Adam† when spoken sarcastically. Confidence also affects my pitch and when unsure I tend to speak with a rising pitch, almost as if it were a question. Such as once when talking to a strict imposing teacher I was unsure whether I was allowed to leave , I said â€Å" I’ll leave for prep break now † with a rising tone. We will write a custom essay sample on Spoken Language Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Conversely, when one is more confident one speaks with a dropping tone, resolutely with a louder volume and with accents on the most significant words, I would speak this way with friends where conversations tend to be more chaotic with many people trying to dominate the conversation .For example I would say ‘I don’t think so’ with a dropping pitch stress on the â€Å"don’t†. The purpose of communication affects my tone ; in informal situations, much of communication is phatic (which is for social purposes only, not for acquiring information) , for example I often greet a friend by saying ‘how are you?’, although I know that my friend is fine . If I genuinely wanted to know how they were, I would ask the question with a very different and concerned tone saying â€Å"how are you† placing stress on the ‘are’, compared to the phatic gesture â€Å"how are you†. In the context of being amongst a large group, one’s pitch can change drastically. At a football match groups of spectators cheer together with a low pitch and forceful tone in a catchy rhythm to make their chanting more orderly. Informal conversations often involve imitating other people, such as teachers, friends or an accent from a different dialect, as shown in this utterance : A : I think I’ll get a discount at the chippie at Oban , I’ll just go in and be like ( in a very strong Scottish accent ) â€Å" I’d like a fish and chips , please and a wee bit of –â€Å" This can be done to make your message more effective by involving the listener in your story. Pronunciation can also vary according to the context, in an informal situation, such as in school when conversing with friends I use more elisions and glottal stops (consonants formed by the audible release of the airstream after complete closure of the glottis). Also, ‘l’s are not pronounced when speaking quickly (e.g. when speaking to friends I would pronounce the ‘alright’ as (transcribed using the International Phonetic Alphabet) , which facilitates speaking faster) . However, in formal situations such as with teachers I put in more effort to avoid glottal stops and use a pronunciation which is closer to ‘received pronunciation’ is used to make my speech sound clearer and easier to understand . My pronunciation differs when I speak to someone from a different background. For example when I speak to someone who has a ‘Northern’ accent, I would also use this accent for words like ‘castle’ and ‘grass’ (pro nouncing //gras// instead of the ‘southern’ //gra:s//), to avoid sounding grandiose (because the ‘southern’ pronunciation of these words is sometimes stereotyped as a rather formal register of English) and to make sure that the person talking to me has a greater ease of understanding me . My pronunciation can depend on country or community I’m in ; In school I use an English accent, so that people at school understand me more easily, but when I am at home and when speaking to relatives in India, I always use an Indian accent . One example of a difference between the two accents is that with an Indian English accent the word ‘our’ is pronounced   as opposed to the native English pronunciation. I use different accents in the two  contexts so that the listeners understand me and because it feels more natural since almost everyone in that community speaks with that sort of accent. Another aspect of our idiolect which changes according to the context is the speed and manner of discourse. With friends I tend to speak more quickly and discourse is less flowing and tends to be fragmented by redundancies and fillers: words such as ‘like’, ‘err’ or ‘ur’. Contractions are very common during conversation with my friends, and the utterances are brief, as there is not much time to talk. Interruptions, interventions and overlaps are very common with friends, because everybody wants to have their say and dominate the conversation, but often it is just a sign of support and reassurance. Overlaps occur because the listeners anticipate the end of the utterance, and interrupt by finishing off the utterance at the same time . For example : A : Do you remember in 3rd year when we had that massive fight with loads of tissue BC: (interrupting ) paper , Oh yeah A : paper In slightly more formal situations such as meetings in the boarding house my utterances are less fragmentary because I apprehend what I may have to talk about and plan what I shall say, for an example when asked why I was late in leaving the boarding house. This degree of preparation makes my discourse much more flowing than what it would be in more informal conversations. Our lexis (choice of words) changes according to the context we are in. There are many linguistic features which occur during conversation with friends that do not occur in other types of conversation, such as slang language. Slang phrases such as â€Å"that was sick!†, which I use with friends, would never occur during conversations with teachers, as it would seem inappropriate and disrespectful towards the teacher. Nicknames are frequently used , such as â€Å"mate†in informal circumstances, however in formal situations (e.g. with teachers) , â€Å"sir† and â€Å"miss† are used as it is a  respectful and quick way of addressing them. Your lexis depends also on how educated the audience are on the subject, for example I would talk about ‘weather’ with friends and parents but mention ‘meteorology’ in a Geography lesson. Informal conversations tend to follow different grammatical rules to written language, an example being that u tterances often begin with ‘and’, which would not occur in written English. Also the extremely common mistake of saying, for example, ‘me and Owen’ ( which I often use in informal situations) rather than the more grammatically correct ‘Owen and I’ ( used in formal situations, such as with teachers as they expect you to be grammatically correct). This illustrates how the grammar of your speech can change depending on the formality of the situation. In conclusion, we have explored the ways that my idiolect changes according to the context I am in, such as with friends, teachers or parents and that many of us change the way we speak massively in different circumstances without usually realising it.

My High School Diploma

My High School Diploma My High School Diploma A high school diploma is an official document awarded for the completion of a high school and it represents a students educational achievements. The official document gives me an opportunity to further my studies in post secondary institutions such as colleges and universities for a better college and employment experience. Obtaining a high school diploma enables me to take a number of vocational and elective programs directing the course of my future career. My high school diploma is a door way to more available long-term career opportunities. It convinces an employer that I have higher self-esteem, confidence, deductive reasoning and problem solving skills which is mandatory in pursuing a career. This enables me to enter the workforce in a level that is more than simple entry, but also those that offer higher paying opportunities. Job promotions are based on level of education and some companies prefer to promote employees with a higher education background. A high school diploma therefore serves as a baseline for promotion. Job security is also crucial in todays economy. My high school diploma is a marketing tool as employers view me as educated and essential in running of the employment entity. The time taken to study and taking tests, culminates in a high school diploma document. This promotes in me a sense of accomplishment, pride, finality and certainty towards future goals and aspirations. As a high school diploma holder, I remain a positive role model to kids, other students and the society in general. This will enable them work hard in school to accomplish what the graduates before them achieved, to promote competitiveness in education and higher standards of education in learning institutions.

Chipmunk Facts (Subfamily Xerinae)

Chipmunk Facts (Subfamily Xerinae) Chipmunks are small, ground-dwelling rodents known for stuffing their cheeks with nuts. They belong to the squirrel family Sciuridae and the subfamily Xerinae. The common name of chipmunk probably derived from the Ottawa jidmoonh, which means red squirrel or one who descends trees headlong. In English, the word was written as chipmonk or chipmunk. Fast Facts: Chipmunk Scientific Name: Subfamily Xerinae (e.g., Tamius striatus)Common Names: Chipmunk, ground squirrel, striped squirrelBasic Animal Group: MammalSize: 4-7 inches with a 3-5 inch tailWeight: 1-5 ouncesLifespan: 3 yearsDiet: OmnivoreHabitat: Forests of North America and northern AsiaPopulation: Abundant, stable or declining population (depends on species)Conservation Status: Endangered to Least Concern (depends on species) Species There are three chipmunk genera and 25 species. Tamias striatus is the eastern chipmunk. Eutamias sibiricus is the Siberian chipmunk. The genus Neotamias includes 23 species, mostly found in western North America and collectively known as western chipmunks. Description According to National Geographic, chipmunks are the smallest members of the squirrel family. The largest chipmunk is the eastern chipmunk, which can reach 11 inches in body length with a 3 to 5 inch tail and weigh up to 4.4 ounces. Other species, on average, grow to 4 to 7 inches in length with a 3 to 5 inch tail and weigh between 1 and 5 ounces. A chipmunk has short legs and a bushy tail. Its fur is usually reddish brown on the upper body and paler on the lower body, with black, white, and brown stripes running down its back. It has pouches in its cheeks which are used to transport food. Chipmunks have cheek pouches they fill with food. Frank Cezus, Getty Images Habitat and Distribution Chipmunks are ground-dwelling mammals that prefer rocky, deciduous wooded habitats. The eastern chipmunk lives in southern Canada and the eastern United States. Western chipmunks inhabit the western United States and much of Canada. The Siberian chipmunk lives in northern Asia, including Siberia in Russia and Japan. Diet Like other squirrels, chipmunks cannot digest cellulose in wood, so they obtain nutrients from an omnivorous diet. Chipmunks forage throughout the day for nuts, seeds, fruit, and buds. They also eat produce farmed by humans, including grains and vegetables, as well as worms, bird eggs, small arthropods, and small frogs. Behavior Chipmunks use their cheek pouches to transport and store food. The rodents dig burrows for nesting and torpor during the winter. They do not truly hibernate, as they awaken periodically to eat from their food caches. Adults mark territory with cheek scent glands and urine. Chipmunks also communicate using complex vocal sounds, ranging from a fast chittering sound to a croak. Baby chipmunks are born hairless and blind. legna69, Getty Images Reproduction and Offspring Chipmunks lead solitary lives except for breeding and raising young. They breed once or twice a year and have a 28- to 35-day gestation period. A typical litter ranges from 3 to 8 pups. Pups are born hairless and blind and only weigh between 3 and 5 grams (about the weight of a coin). The female is solely responsible for their care. She weans them around 7 weeks of age. Pups are independent by 8 weeks of age and sexually mature when they are 9 months old. In the wild, chipmunks have many predators. They may survive two or three years. In captivity, chipmunks may live eight years. Conservation Status Most chipmunk species are classified as least concern by the IUCN and have stable populations. This includes the eastern and Siberian chipmunk. However, some species of western chipmunk are endangered or have decreasing populations. For example, Bullers chipmunk (Neotamias bulleri) is listed as vulnerable and Palmers chipmunk (Neotamias palmeri) is listed as endangered. Threats include habitat fragmentation and loss and natural disasters, such as forest fires. Some people keep chipmunks as pets. Carlos Ciudad Photos, Getty Images Chipmunks and Humans Some people consider chipmunks to be garden pests. Others keep them as pets. While chipmunks are intelligent and affectionate, there are some drawbacks to keeping them in captivity. They may bite or become aggressive, they mark scent using their cheeks and urine, and care must be taken to accommodate their hibernation schedule. In the wild, chipmunks generally do not carry rabies. However, some in the western United States carry plague. While wild chipmunks are friendly and cute, its best to avoid contact, especially if they appear sick. Sources Cassola, F. Tamias striatus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 (errata version published in 2017): e.T42583A115191543. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T42583A22268905.enGordon, Kenneth Llewellyn.  The Natural History and Behavior of the Western Chipmunk and the Mantled Ground Squirrel.  Oregon, 1943.Kays, R. W.; Wilson, Don E. Mammals of North America (2nd ed.). Princeton University Press. p. 72, 2009. ISBN 978-0-691-14092-6.Patterson, Bruce D.; Norris, Ryan W. Towards a uniform nomenclature for ground squirrels: the status of the Holarctic chipmunks. Mammalia. 80 (3): 241–251, 2016. doi:10.1515/mammalia-2015-0004Thorington, R.W., Jr.; Hoffman, R.S. Tamias (Tamias) striatus. In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.), 2005. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 817. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0.

Negative Effects of Social Networking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Negative Effects of Social Networking - Essay Example Social networking sites promote faster and efficient communication with family friends who may be far away. Moreover, these sites give an opportunity to connect and reconnect with close long lost friends and acquaintances. However, issues of privacy and degradation of social values have been raised with the use of social networking sites. Though social networking has enhanced connections that would otherwise be lost, a number of issues arise with the use of these sites such as the negative effects including the death of emotions and empathy, lack of privacy, and false friendships. Â  Social networking sites promote connections and communication among users and thus enhancing lives. According to Dunbar, Facebook allows people to create networks, renew lost friendships, and enhances communication. In the agreement, Lam notes that communication technology such as the networking sites has enhanced humankind in a number of ways. Similarly, Helfand states that social networking sites have allowed people to connect with others and share personal information online that can be viewed by family and friends such as what someone is doing, eating, or even location.

People and Organisation Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

People and Organisation Management - Essay Example The researcher states that HRM can be considered as the base of all management activities but it certainly is not the base for all business activities. The anorexic nature of businesses has made HRM too vital to be restricted to recruitment and people management rather it now demands a balance between achieving business objectives of financial and strategic requirements and meeting the human ambitions. Purcell and Hutchinson specify that by incorporating the responsibilities of HRM with line managers has shown constructive results considering performance appraisal, team briefing, discipline, recruitment, dismissal, staffing, quality circles and employee empowerment. Hall and Torrington determine that the main reason for voluntary resignation in many organizations is the inequity of the supervisors leading to disappointment amongst the employees. HRM should integrate into line with line managers in order to reduce staff turnover. They further state that high employees’ turnover and poor performance is directly related to low motivation – i.e. employees are not satisfied due to many reasons, e.g. unfair HR policies or favoritism/discrimination/biases during the performance appraisal, etc. etc. Katzenbach and Santamaria point out that keeping front-line employees motivated is a crucial aspect for any organization in terms of the long-term success. Line Managers have the direct relationship with employees and customers and play a key role in the HR aspect of general management work by making certain that absence procedures work and a reduced level of the absentee is achieved. HR and Line managers’ interaction The essay basically investigates as a making reference to theoretical aspects whilst focusing on some organizations. It will shed light onto the front line environment of organizations in relation to the interaction between HR and Line manager and evaluate issues associated to the integration of line managers into HRM for the improved perf ormance of the staff and organizations. When investigating from the perspectives of line managers and HR, it is important to discuss how HR involves the functions of Human resource management (HRM) and human resource development (HRD). Line managers embrace HRD activities. Gibb indicates that the relationships connecting line managers to HRM and HRD are questionably changing – i.e. the inclusion of line managers’ has become mandatory in designing and implementing HRD and has now become more crucial than ever before. He further claims that the increased involvement of the line manager in HRD shall certainly demonstrate a more transparent use of HR resources. HRM in practice recruits people and manages employment relationships by involving the planning, acquisition, development, and utilization of manpower. HRM gives great importance to good people management and according to many like a set of specifications developed and customized HR practices quantifiably upgrade the level of performance.

Benjamin Franklin Essay Example for Free

Benjamin Franklin Essay It is easier to prevent that cure obesity and one may note that parental education can go a long way in helping prevent obesity in children. It is noted that chubby children are cute, but this already predisposes the child to obesity, early childhood education should be facilitated to include proper nutrition, good exercise habits and parental education as to the dangers of obese children. Researchers have recommended that wide-ranging multi-staged intervention programs are needed to prevent complex health problems (McLeroy et al, 1988; Freudenberg et al, 1995). One must realize that prevention of obesity is not nearly as hard as it is to cure it, so practices in order to prevent it from happening should be considered thoroughly and attitude changes by parents and the family in general should be incorporated so that the problem of obesity can be taken care of. The parent or family should be taught to observe eating habits and activity. Practices in relation to food to prevent obesity can be described as follows: 1. Eat Well It is noted that a good diet is one of the main components for good health, but one can also note that eating healthy is easier said than done (Litchfield et al, 2004). A variety of tactics can be employed in order to promote healthy eating. Carbonated beverages like sodas including other sweetened drinks are also related to higher intake of body fat, whereas consumption of calcium rich foods such as milk and milk products are correlated with lower body fat. When eating out it is recommended that the family eats in a restaurant that provides for healthy food alternatives. Encourage portion control when eating most particularly for the high calorie foods. It is also suggested that the child learns to cook healthy meals at home. Also it is determined that activities should always be kept fun. Eat breakfast and other meals as a family. Pack healthy school lunches. Let your child be a part of the meal planning at home. This will help the parent realize the desires of the child with regards to food and how best to prepare it in order for them to eat it. The parent must also realize that if the food is not appealing for the child the probability is that they will not eat it, this is most especially true for the snacks and packed lunches brought to school, they might bring the food but not eat it and just eat somewhere else It is also a good practice not to reward any deed with promises of food and snacks, instead use praises, stickers and stars, time for favorite activities or an extra hour playing can be their reward rather than candies, chips or other junk foods that will ultimately be bad for their health. 2. Keep junk food and unhealthy foods away Junk food should be realized for what it is, junk as it is aptly called. Unhealthy food like chips, soda, candies and chocolates should be kept at a minimum and healthy alternative like fruits and vegetables snack substitutes should be the ones that are within reach in the refrigerator and cookies and chips should be kept only for ‘special occasions’ (Litchfield, Nelson Koch, 2004) avoiding it as much as possible. Stock up and preserve a variety of healthy foods at home rather than junk food, and thoroughly consider removing these types of food or teach the children to limit intake of such foods 3. Provide appropriate food portioning (just like in restaurants) It is important to note that it is essential to proportionate food intake, generally like in a restaurant where one orders food, the food delivered and serve is proportioned and measured such should be the case in the house also, where food not necessarily measured to the gram should be controlled to avoid eating too much. 4. Savor your food (eat slower) Eating slowly lets our brain realize that we have taken in enough food and thereby we are obliged to stop eating. It is may also enable the digestive system to digest the food thoroughly, Litchfield, Nelson and Koch (2004) also notes that savoring the food helps one to lose weight and eating slower may not only helps the digestion of the food but also fosters social functions like small talk in the dinner table that can enhance interpersonal relationships. 5. Eat at the right place and at the right time Breakfast, lunch and dinner should be eaten in the dining room; even snack time should be eaten at the dinner table, not in front of the television or in their rooms. This fosters routine and control. This can be surmised that a child will eat less if they are subjected to eat at the table since they would want to do other activities than eating therefore snacks and such to be eaten at the table means lesser time to be spent in other activities and such will mean that they will tend to eat less because they are in a hurry to go back to what they were doing including computers and television watching. Engagement in Physical Activities Increase Play time activities Litchfield, Nelson and Koch (2004) also noted outdoor activities as a good start, short evening walks or if the child is old enough and the family owns a dog, they can be given the responsibility of walking the dog. Even the littlest amount of activity can be a good start in order to promote physical activity. It is also advised that the child engage in physical plays like running, playing tag in the park, or other family activities that will promote physical activities.

Graduation Speech: Dont Let Them Crush Your Dreams :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

Twelve years ago we started a journey. Today marks the end of that journey, and the beginning of another. For some, the road getting here was smooth. For others, the road was rough. But today, we leave all of those rough times behind us. We all set a goal, and now we have all achieved it. We have succeeded. Those of us who have made it here tonight have passed an immensely crucial milestone in our lives. From this point on our lives are entirely up to us. We have the power to become whatever we want, and to do anything we want to. Remember that every day, every hour, and every second which passes is what you make of it. From our last four years at Stanwood High, we have learned some sensible lessons. The first of which is that for every action we take, there will be consequences, good and bad. The discipline we encountered from the hands of the administrators was often swift and resolute. Secondly, we have all had friendships which weren't cemented in stone. In the future, don't be fooled by "pretend friends" as they tend to take advantage of you. In the famous words of our high school principal, Mr. Smith, "Don't bring drugs or alcohol to Stanwood High School." Drugs and alcohol will only get you in trouble. In the days ahead, we will encounter obstacles which must be hurdled. Do not succumb to these roadblocks and do not be fooled by detours. Remember, if something sounds too good to be true, it probably is. Always remember that if you make a decision by yourself, you are solely responsible for the outcome. And one last word of wisdom, people will always try to stand in the way of your dreams. Whether it's your cruel boss, or a jealous person, you must learn to get past them, or else they will always try to bring you down.

Doubt and the Acquisition of Knowledge Essay

Is doubt of any value in acquiring facts and knowledge? There are a number of approaches to tackling this question. If we were to look at various religious philosophies such as the teachings of Hinduism, Buddha and Christ, the disadvantages of doubt can be ascertained. The Bible says that there is a proper time for everything under the sun: â€Å"Every activity and every purpose has its proper time† (Ecclesiastes 3:17) This statement has bearing on the question as to the role doubt can play in acquiring knowledge. It implies that there is a proper time for doubt. I feel that one such time is when doubt serves as a driving force towards acquiring knowledge. Doubt certainly can be a stumbling block in acquiring knowledge and using it. Doubt can make an individual leery and hesitant. Yet, like most aspects of life, doubt can have both positive and negative effects on anything, including the process of learning and acquiring knowledge. While doubt can make one skeptical, it can also serve as a driving force to motivate a person to find the truth. In the opening quote, Dr. Bartus points out that insecurity and uncertainty can have value. Elsewhere in his book, he says that false assumptions and self-delusions are our greatest obstacles to solving problems (p. 107). This idea has bearing on the role of doubt in acquiring knowledge. Certainly, doubt can be an obstacle to acquiring knowledge, but when doubt causes a person to examine (or re-examine) his or her assumptions and discover his or her self-delusions, then doubt has served a valuable service that can lead to a search for answers and knowledge. While doubt can make people closed minded, I feel that doubt can drive people to ask probing questions that increase one’s knowledge when they pursue the answers to their questions. Columbus and Magellan doubted that the world was flat. They resolved to prove their point by sailing around the world to India. Even though the world is round, these explorers took a great chance. There was no guarantee that one could sail from Europe to India even if they were correct about a round world. They had no idea as to what dangers might lay ahead. There could have been scorching deserts, impassable jungles, large continents covered by marshland, hostile people, man eating animals, bitter cold or any one of an infinite number of unknown dangers. Whatever they encountered would have confirmed or refuted their doubts and added to the knowledge of the time. So, doubt can definitely assist one in acquiring knowledge. Attempting to answer questions that arise from doubt can cause/create insecurity. It takes courage to face the uncertainties that arise when challenging and facing your doubts and the unknown, but the reward gained in pursuit of the challenge can be worthwhile and valuable Ultimately, I must conclude that doubt can serve as both an asset and a hindrance in acquiring knowledge, but those who are willing to face their doubts may find their efforts rewarding. In the end, perhaps doubt leads to questions that bring about the acquisition of knowledge. I would like to think that is the best outcome and reward from doubt. We do not progress by being perfect. We progress by making mistakes and correcting them, and we do not acquire knowledge without doubt, but by having doubts and resolving them. Perhaps that is as it should be. The uncertainty and insecurity of doubt propels us forward towards greater knowledge.

Annotated Bibliography on William Shakespeares “Hamlet” Essay

Ackerman Jr., Alan L. â€Å" Visualizing Hamlet’s Ghost: The Spirit of Modern Subjectivity.† Theatre Journal; March2001, Vol. 53 Issue 1, p119, 26p EBSCOhost. (5 February 2004) Other artists represent the dramatic structures, terms, images and characters from William Shakespeare’s Hamlet by portraying the exact emotion of the play. They act out a good representation of the spiritual experience in visual terms. The students vision studies and its importance in writings on aesthetics and representation. Adams, Joseph Quincy, â€Å"Arrival in London.† A Life of William Shakespeare. S.I: Houghton, 1923: 126-128. There were three classes of persons at the playhouse besides musicians. There were sharers, hirelings, and servants. The â€Å"sharers† were the most important actors. According to their merits, they enjoyed either half-sharers or whole-sharers as indicated by Hamlet. Below the sharers in rank were the â€Å"hirelings† who did not profit by large takings of the theatre. The third and final class, the servants, was the prompters, stagehands, property keepers, and caretakers. Chute, Marchette, â€Å"Hamlet.† Stories from Shakespeare. Cleveland: World, 1956: 157-160 Hamlet is perhaps one of the most famous of all of William Shakespeare’s tragedies. It is known all over the world and has kept a compelling fascination wherever it goes. The hero is so real and his dilemma is very basic to human living that people in every country recognize him. Hamlet is not only the most brilliant of the tragedies but one of the saddest. It is the saddest tragedy because the hero is not destroyed or killed by any evil in his nature but by kind misplaced good. Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, â€Å" Lectures and Notes on Shakespeare and other English Poets.† Online. Internet. Available: http://shakespearean.org.uk/haml-col.htm. (6 February 2004) Hamlet’s character is the prevalence of the abstracting and generalizing habit over the practical. He does not want courage, skill, will, or opportunity; but every incident sets him thinking; and it is curious, and at the same time strictly natural, that Hamlet, who all the play seems reason itself, should be impelled, at last, by mere accident, to effect his object. Lamb, Gregory M. â€Å"A sweet, gentle, inspired Hamlet.† Christian Science Monitor: 20 April 2001. (6 February 2004). T.S. Eliot called Hamlet the â€Å"Mona Lisa of Literature†. No matter how hard we look at the play, it never yields all its secrets. We have become fascinated by it. This being Shakespeare, a ripping good story unfolds, of course, from the moment a creepy ghost walks the castle’s parapet on through murders, suicide, and enough plot twist and complex relationships for any soap-opera fan. This is all topped with a dramatic sword fight. Hamlet is no Bruce Willis tale of an action hero on a payback mission. â€Å"Shakespeare† Britannica, 1989 During Shakespeare’s early career dramatists sold their play to an actor company, who then takes charge of them, prepared working prompt books, and did whatever it takes to make sure other companies did not take their work. This way they could exploit the play itself for as long as it drew an audience. Some plays did get published into smaller books called quartos. Hamlet quartos are a good example of plays that were pirated or bad text. â€Å"Shakespeare, William† The World Book Encyclopedia, 1979 Shakespeare wrote his greatest tragedies during the third period (1601-1608) of his artistic development. Of all the tragedy plays, Hamlet has to be the most dramatic and saddest of all the plays. The role of Hamlet in particular is considered one of the theater’s greatest acting challenges. Shakespeare focused the play on the deep conflict within the thoughtful and idealistic Hamlet as he is torn between the demands of his emotions and the hesitant skepticism of his mind. Thorndike, Ashley Horace. Shakespeare’s Theater. New York: The MacMillian Company, 1916:246-251. Records of court performance are abundant and descriptions of performances of traveling actors before noble or king may be found in Hamlet. The traditions and standards of acting accumulated by a generation of practice before an increasing audience. This made the play more exciting to watch every time it was portrayed.

buy custom Hospitals essay

buy custom Hospitals essay According to Naidu Narayana 1991, Toward the end of the twentieth century hospitals were presented with many challenges for increasing profitability, customer loyalty, quality of care, and market dominance. The marketing function, new to hospitals in the mid-1980s, was seen as a way to attract new customers, develop new services, and communicate "value" to potential buyers of its services. Adoption of a marketing orientation by hospitals was a necessary management strategy to achieve a competitive advantage in local markets. Marketing has been effective and hospitals that have invested in their marketing have seen an increase in customer base than their rivals in a given geographic location (Abdul-Gader Bhuian 1997). In studies that have sought to establish the correlation between marketing orientation of hospitals and their general organizational performance, it has been discovered that marketing to a great extent contributes to the hospitals performance. Defining marketing orientation in terms of market intelligence activities interfunctional coordination, and organizational responsiveness activities, , McDermott, Franzak, Little, 1993 found that the adoption of a marketing orientation by hospitals is positively associated with financial performance. In their 1997 study, Abdul-Gader Bhuian found that, different dimensions of marke orientation are associated with specific measures of performance and that responsiveness to customers and to the competition are most closely linked with financial performance of hospitals. Marketing orientation is much higher among those hospitals that have strong affiliations with other providers. This goes to show that multi-hospitals systems in marketing of healthcare are indeed effective. Looking at the issue of accountability in multi-hospital marketing indeed hospitals that come together for this purpose have mutual benefits. Thompson Hurley 1993 concluded that, While intuitively appealing to many healthcare executives, the adoption of marketing by hospitals during the last two decades of the twentieth century was highly variable. The inconsistency in the adoption of marketing was a result of a number of factors, namely the perceived lack of relevance to hospitals operating in highly regulated, yet revenue-rich, environments of the 1970s and early 1980s.As these environments became more competitive and resource-limited following the implementation of Medicare's prospective payment system, marketing was vigorously advocated as a means for hospitals to achieve organizational objectives and a competitive advantage. In conclusion therefore, marketing is not only appropriate but also vital in hospitals marketing. The last bit of the last century brought hospitals under the management of executives who undeerstood that marketing and an environment of competition would only go a long way in improving health care delivery. In the packaging of the services available in hospitals and the building of a client base, hospitals are able to invest and innovation becomes a major part of their operations. And hospitals in order to do better than their rivals i a particular location will strive to provide better services. Also, marketing has proved to be quite effective in the hospitals that have undertaken it. Several studies have made the conclusion that there is a correlation between effective marketing and revenue from operations in hospitals. Effective marketing has raised the client base in hospitals and created a sort of client loyalty to products hence they came back for more services and as a result provided more business for their chosen hospital of choice. Just like marketing in any other business sector or industry, accountability in the marketing activities of hospitals has had to be evaluated. The goal of any marketing undertaking is to increase sales and the money invested in marketing should increase sales as expected. The executives have to justify the money they spend in marketing to the hospitals as this budgeted money must show value. Where their marketing strategies do not seem to show the desired effect, a change of strategy is called for as competition ever continues top stiffen. Buy custom Hospitals essay

How Decision to Rewrite My Paper Became the Best Ive Made in College

How Decision to Rewrite My Paper Became the Best Ive Made in College All through high school, I wrote essays and papers. I wrote them in a lot of my classes – history, biology, health, art, and, of course English. In most of those classes, I got very average grades on these pieces. In English, I sometimes got lower than average grades. My English teachers would use a lot of red ink to point my egregious errors of sentence structure, awkward composition, agreement mistakes, etc., and I pretty much ignored them. Never was I asked to rewrite an essay or paper that was poorly written or included some types of plagiarism which was also often pointed out. Editing and rewriting were just not in my experience. College quickly changed all of that. Bad Grades Woke Me Up The first thing that hit me between the eyes in college was that I would be writing a lot of essays and papers – in almost every class, actually. When I submitted the same quality that was my â€Å"trademark† in high school, I didn’t receive average to just below average grades. I received â€Å"F’s.† There were no errors pointed out, only terse phrases at the top – phrases like â€Å"Proofread your work!† or â€Å"Edit before you submit!† That pretty much did it. I decided that every time I wrote a paper, I would have to review it, find the errors, and rewrite my paper before turning it in. I had the best of intentions from that point forward. Good Intentions – Not So Good Results I began to work very hard to edit and rewrite my essay and paper assignments. I also put them all through a plagiarism checker, because some of my high school teachers had found some of this. A big issue was that I was not citing sources correctly. But my grades still didn’t improve that much even after I fixed that problem. What I came to realize was that I had structural errors, grammatical errors and usage error that I was not catching. In short, I didn’t have a clue about how to really review, edit and rewrite a rough draft to make it suitable for submission. I had lots of work to do. Learning How to Revise and Rewrite I began by reading some sources on learning to revise your writing and did pick up a lot of pointers. There really are several areas of review that all should be done separately. These include such things as: Reading the entire piece of writing without any concern for grammar or punctuation, but for the confirmation of a good thesis statement and a logical flow of the ideas I wanted to present. The second reading was one I read out loud. This was a pretty good activity, because I was able to find sentence fragments and run-ons and even see where maybe some commas should be placed. Another piece of advice I got from reading some of the articles about reviewing and editing my writing was this whole thing about transitions between paragraphs. This was something I never had much instruction on in high school, and it was really an important feature for college level writing. I needed some more professional help so began to look at a rewriting tool another student recommended. A Great Editing Service At first, I felt a little strange using an essay editing service. It almost felt like I was cheating. On the other hand, I knew there were other students using writing services for all sorts of help – researching and writing their essays and papers, and, yes, even having them edited the way I was. Here’s the thing about using a solid, reputable writing and editing service: Everyone has academic strengths and weaknesses. And getting help is nothing to be ashamed about. When students know that they have issues, and they get help, especially with editing college papers and essays, they can then study how that editing process works; they can see their errors and how they have been corrected by a professional. These become learning experiences. With every essay or paper I send over for editing, I get back a corrected copy, with simple explanations about why the changes were made – each time I learn something that I will be able to use the next time I write. The other nice thing about this professional editing service is that they check my writing for plagiarism. And they have provided explanations about how to avoid it. They also educated me about self-plagiarism, something that college students don’t even think about, but I will in the future. Plagiarism and Self-Plagiarism Most students understand plagiarism and the disastrous consequences if they do it. With the sophisticated software out there today, any plagiarism can be discovered. Sometimes we plagiarize and don’t even realize it. I was famous for taking notes, using an author’s exact words and then not giving credit where I should have. Now I run a plagiarism scan on everything I write. And if I send it over to my writing service for editing, they do this too. Self-plagiarism occurs when a student (or anyone for that matter) writes a piece and it is published somewhere online. And that student likes the piece so much, he decides to turn it in as an essay assignment to a professor. If a plagiarism scan is run, it will pop up. Why? Because it’s out there – in a blog, in the e-version of the student newspaper, in some forum, etc. This is especially important for grad students who may be contributing to online publications in order to enhance their resumes and CV’s. In these cases, it is far better to be up front and ask permission, before you have to ask for forgiveness. Not All College Writing is formal Academic writing is formal. The rules of proper English must be followed, especially for essays and papers. But a lot of college coursework will require a more casual style. Students of journalism or who are enrolled in courses such as content marketing, will find that there will be a major shift in style requirements. Good grammar and spelling is not thrown out the window, but this type of writing is very different. If you are enrolled in such courses, here are a few tips: Brevity of words is important. Say what you have to say as succinctly as possible. Sentences are short and simple. Example: There are many good authors who started out as journalists (windy   Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many good authors started out as journalists. (short and sweet.) Use action/strong verbs as opposed to weak ones.   Ã‚     Example: She is now running every day (weak)   Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  She runs every day (stronger, shorter) Cut the Use of Adverbs Example: Really great = Amazing If you take a course that requires this kind of writing, you will discover that your academic writing will improve too. Take Your Editing Seriously – Your Grades Will Thank You College is not the place to turn in your first draft and hope for the best. Expectations are high, and you will be expected to write well, no matter what the course. If you are not practiced in editing, get the help you need, learn from that help, and over time, you will be able to do this yourself.

Comparison and Contrast between 1688 and 1988 Essay

Comparison and Contrast between 1688 and 1988 - Essay Example The researcher of this essay states that while there have been some significant changes in how people live their daily lives from 1688 to 1988, society in general has not changed all that much. To conclude, the researcher mentiones most significant comparative observations he came up with while researching the topic. Firstly, he states in the essay that both years saw the world’s civilizations perched on the very edge of a prodigious expansion around the globe with a tremendous mingling of cultures, belief systems and economic activities. Secondly, both have seen the world’s poorest peoples taken advantage of for the economic gain of greedy and already prosperous nations with better access to technology and education. Thirdly, both have seen a redefinition and constant developing of society, with a blurring of those concepts that had once been considered absolute and the admittance of shades of grey into the discussion. However, while religious differences and big corpo rative business have continued to emerge as the two most difficult issues to overcome in working toward a more harmonious and peaceful world, the researcher suggests that both 1688 and 1988 saw events emerging that would encourage greater dialogue among the various factions, countries, cultures and genders as greater efforts are made nowadays towards bringing about world peace and increasing acknowledgement among the populace of the world that there might be more than just one answer to the world’s greatest questions.

Problems with Cosmetic Surgery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Problems with Cosmetic Surgery - Essay Example The main conclusion of the work will be made through the definition of the major backgrounds for such situation.The aim of this work is to perform a clear research on the problems, which now exist in the cosmetic surgery but are often made invisible for usual consumers with the aim of getting higher profits and not loosing the face of the cosmetic surgery industry as it is. The main conclusion of the work is that cosmetic surgery hides vast amount of problems, which should be understood by those who considers the possibility of going through such operation. Cosmetic surgery at present has become a huge industry with enormous turnovers and fantastic profits. It is not a secret that famous people and movie stars got used to create numerous sensations with each cosmetic surgery performed. However, the problems which cosmetic surgery creates should not be underestimated, because the amount of those, who are openly satisfied with the results is lower than of those who are secretly dissatisfied with the results of the surgery and see no need in addressing the public for the solution of these problems. Thus, it is necessary to underline the present state of cosmetic surgery and to distinguish the main problems which it presents. Cosmetic surgery has now acquired the scales of the real commercial industry, and a certain portion of works and studies was devoted to the description of the problems which cosmetic surgery presents. However, not much has been said about commercialization and the background reasons for such cosmetic surgeries' popula rity. Why women strive so much for making cosmetic surgeries, and why even teenage girls undergo such operations The reasons are to be defined in this paper. The more money the person is able to earn, the more seducing challenges this person desires to meet. Cosmetic surgery has become the challenge, which many aging women want to meet as soon as they have enough money for that. They often make it the brightest event in their life, though not understanding that such surgery may present serious consequences. Cosmetic surgery nowadays gives more questions, than answers, and more problems, than solutions. Of course, many celebrities have gone through such surgeries, but very often it is seen at a glance that surgery had been done unsuccessfully - their faces sometimes look as if they constantly smiled or were constantly surprised. These are the consequences of the low-quality cosmetic surgeries, and far not all people understand, that they won't be more perfect than they are in their present state. One of the main problems of cosmetic surgery is that for the aims of acquiring extra profits, the industry does not provide consumers and patien ts with the fullest information about the possible negative consequences and obstacles. Cosmetic surgery is taken by most women as a casual daily routine action, without any serious attitudes and deep understanding of the issue. However, it is still surgery, similar to many others. The number of the operation per year constantly increase - it is stated that for example, in the UK the number of cosmetic surgeries is equal to 75,000 per year which is huge number for such small country, while the number of cosmetic surgeries in the US was more than 11.5 million in 2005. (American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery) However, as many operations are carried out by highly qualified specialists, there

Solar Energy For Desalination Technologies in Saudi Arabia Essay

Solar Energy For Desalination Technologies in Saudi Arabia - Essay Example Saudi Arabia is a country of paradoxes, not only in its history and culture but even in its natural resources. In its substrata lies the 18 per cent of all the world’s proven oil reserves, the largest anywhere in the world (Revenue Watch Institute, 2011), and because of this the country is assured of a steady stream of petrodollars that has the potential to make it one of the world’s wealthiest economies. On the other hand, Saudi Arabia is situated in one of the world’s most arid regions, with little surface water, very little rainfall, and increasing desertification which is gradual loss of once arable and fertile land to encroaching aridity (TeachMideast, 2011). Thus while it is abundant in the world’s most expensive natural resource, Saudi Arabia is however sorely lacking in that commodity essential to life and plentiful in nearly every other region of the planet – fresh water. Through the years the process of desalination has enabled countries in arid regions to obtain potable water from brackish or seawater. In Saudi Arabia this is being done today on a large scale through oil powered desalination plants. While the use of fossil fuels poses no present concerns for this oil-rich country, government officials, scientists and policy makers are all aware that the supply of oil is not inexhaustible, and eventually shall be depleted. At such time, the country should have been able to build the capability to desalinate water using sustainable sources of energy such as solar radiation, which this desert region has a limitless supply of. Presently, the country is unable to accomplish solar powered desalination on a large scale, and many are pessimistic that this could be done. Statement of the Research Objective: This dissertation aims to explore the viability of harnessing solar energy for the purpose of large-scale desalination of water in Saudi Arabia. Research questions: In order to satisfactorily achieve the research objective, the dissertation shall seek the answers to the following research questions: 1. What is the currently prevailing situation of large-quantity water desalination in Saudi Arabia? 2. What is the rate of water consumption of Saudi Arabia’s population, and what are the chances of a projected shortfall of potable water in the event of the closure of its oil powered desalination plants? 3. How is large-scale solar powered desalination technology described, and what is its feasibility in Saudi Arabia? Q1: Currently prevailing desalination situation An Overview of Desalination Process in Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia is the world’s largest producer of the desalinated water, accounting for at least 30 per cent of the total world output. The Kingdom has invested nearly $25 billion in the last 80 years developing the technology for desalination, and in building and operating the desalination plants. Presently, ther e are some 30 desalination plants in the country, 27 of which supply drinking water to the principal urban centers and industrial locations via a

An Inquiry Into Pigou And Welfare Economics Economics Essay

An Inquiry Into Pigou And Welfare Economics Economics Essay Arthur Cecil Pigou (1877-1959) was among the last in the long line of classical economists associated with the Cambridge School. Pigou first entered Kings College, Cambridge on a Minor Scholarship in History and Modern Languages (1896). Observing his palpable brilliance, Alfred Marshall and Henry Sidgwick together encouraged him to pour his academic vigour into the study of political economy (Collard, 1981). Although significantly influenced by Henry Sidgwick, Pigou was foremost Marshalls disciple and is often considered the embodiment and extension of Marshall himself (Walker, 1989). Like Marshall, Pigou was attracted to the practical value of economics and believed the main purpose of learning economics was to be able to see through the bogus economic arguments of politicians (Champernowne, 1959: 264); he believed economics to be an instrument for social betterment not intellectual gymnastics. The numerous works by Pigou cover various fields of economic thought. Pigous marked interest in how government policy could increase national well-being? is apparent throughout his work and led him to invented much of modern public finance especially arguments and rationale for government intervention in the economy (Pressman, 1999). Furthermore, his notable contribution, Economics of Welfare (1932) occupies a unique position in the history of economic thought and has earned him recognition as the father of modern welfare economics (Groenewegen, 2003). A study into Pigous writings on the economics of welfare requires one to be selective due to the wide-ranging scope of topics that may be covered; this paper will therefore concentrate on the theoretical backbone of Pigous work and aim to analyse different critiques of his theory of welfare in Section I. Section II will consider the foundations of and influences on Pigous work and explore criticisms of a lack of originality in his writ ings. Finally, in Section III, we will investigate the Pigous position on government intervention and analyse his suggested policy prescriptions. SECTION I Welfare economics is concerned to investigate the dominant influence through which the economic welfare of the world, or of a particular country, is likely to be increased. The hope of those who pursue it is to suggest lines of action or non-action on the part of the State or of private persons that might foster such influences (Pigou 1951: 287) Welfare economics is a normative subject, distinct from positive economics. Whilst the theoretical elements of positive economics provide theorems that can be tested, normative economics and the propositions of welfare economics have altogether a very different content (Graff, 1957: 2). The difference between normative and positive theory becomes apparent when we attempt to determine whether welfare actually increases or not; analysis of a positive theory requires testing of its conclusions which are clearly observable, conversely to test a normative theory of welfare one must look to test its assumptions rather than conclusions since welfare is not an observable quantity. Thus the assumptions attached to a normative theory must be carefully and thoroughly scrutinised and the credibility of a theory of welfare depends on how realistic and relevant its assumptions are (Graff, 1957: 3). This section will, in turn analyse the major assumptions made by Pigou for the development of his co ncepts of economic welfare and national dividend which are key to his theory. Economic Welfare Pigou defined economic welfare subjectively as quantities of satisfaction or states of consciousnessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[with] psychic returns of satisfaction, (Pigou 1926: 10). Recognising that subsequent investigation into the causes that could affect welfare would be impracticable, he limits the scope of the inquiry to that part of social welfare that can be brought directly or indirectly into relation with the measuring-rod of money (Pigou 1926: 11). To justify the restrictions on his scope of elements compiling the social welfare he postulates that since a persons income is an observable money value, it could be inferred that, under certain conditions, people could enjoy a level of material welfare that could be purchased by their income (Mishan, 1969). The connection between increased income and the other elements of welfare is much harder to define therefore Pigou explicitly recognises that since economic welfare is only a part of welfare as a wholeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦so that a given change in economic welfare will seldom synchronise with an equal welfare as a whole (Pigou, 1926: 12). Thus, although a change in economic welfare may not measure the change in total welfare, it may always affect the change therefore Pigou concludes that economic welfare and total welfare are positively related (Durlauf and Blume, 2008). UTILITY DEBATE? Doesnt he assume something stupid about utility interpersonal utility or something? National Dividend The conception of the National Dividend is not an academic toy, but a practical instrument of great power designed for service in the concrete solution of social problems (Pigou, 1912: 493) In order to predict the effects of policies on material welfare at the aggregate level, an aggregate measure was required. Pigou identified the national dividend as the appropriate aggregate measure suggesting that economic causes act on the economic welfare of any country, not directly, but through the making and using of the objective counterpart of economic welfare which the economists call the national dividend (Pigou, 1926: 31). The national dividend is described as the flow of goods and services annually produced after maintaining capital intact and is a key concept for Pigous analyses of how policies or institutions affect economic welfare (Scott, 1984: 59). Pigou outlines the two criteria for detecting improvements in social welfare which reflect the importance of this key concept to his theory of welfare; firstly increases in the value of national dividend, provided the share for the poor is not thereby reduced, will result in an increase in social welfare. Secondly, transfe rs from the rich to the poor without any reduction in the national dividend will also yield higher social welfare (Pigou, 1926). Several critics have voiced opposition to Pigous definition of national dividend specifically on the issue of maintaining capital intact.  [1]  He states that if the quantity of every unit of a countrys capital stock remains unchanged over a certain period, then even is the money value has increased/decreased, the total capital stock has been exactly maintained. He argues that changes in the money value of the stock due to general price changes or changes in the rates of interest are irrelevant to the national dividend (Scott, 1984: 60). Only a decline in the physical quantity of capital has to be made good (or replaced) with new capital of the same value (provided the valuation is made when the deterioration actually takes place) and depreciation due to interest rates or price changes are irrelevant (Pigou, 1926: 46). The national income in any period is therefore the sum of consumption and gross investment minus that portion of gross investment necessary to maintain capital int act (Scott, 1984; Pigou, 1926). Myint (1948) highlights the inadequacies of transposing this concept of maintaining capital intact (which is essentially a physical level of analysis) to derive the value of capital from expected value of income yielded (essentially a subjective level of analysis) by merely making good the physical wear and tear (Myint, 1948: 174). He finds fault with the fact that depreciation (due to obsolescence  [2]  ) must be allowed for even if capital goods are in perfect condition. This issue also sparked a heated debate between Hayek (1941) and Pigou (1941) in which Hicks (1942) also intervened. Hayek attacked Pigou on this point stating, what is meant by maintaining capital intact [according to Pigou] consists in effect of the suggestion that for this purpose we should disregard obsolescence [whether it is due to foreseeable or unforeseeable causes] and require merely that such losses of value of the existing stock of capital goods be made good as are due to physical wear and tear (Haye k, 1941: 276). Hayek finds Pigous procedure neither useful theoretically nor in actual practice (Hayek, 1941: 276). The root of the disagreement lies in their different conceptions of depreciation; while Pigou maintains that only a decline in the present value of capital due to factors which affect the expected quantity is relevant whilst Hayek argues the the real problem of maintaining capital intact arises not after such losses have been made, but when the entrepreneur plans his investment (Hayek, 1941: thus a decline in expected quantity will count as depreciation regardless of whether it is due to factors affecting expected quantity or prices (Hill, 1999: 2). While Hayeks biting criticism seemingly undermines Pigous conception of national dividend, Scott (1984) contends both arguments are in fact sound and it is the purpose for which the definition is of critical importance; whilst Pigou was concerned with net social income, Hayek was referring essentially to individual people o r firms. READ HICKS ADDITION TO THE DEBATE AND ADD IN WHAT HE SAYS ABOUT THE DIFFERENCE IN PURPOSES FOR THE CONCEPT. SECTION II When a man sets out upon any course of inquiry, the object of his search may be either light or fruit either knowledge for its own sake or knowledge for the sake of good things to which it leads, (Pigou, 1926: 3) Pigou is widely considered the father of modern welfare economics and the basic concepts of early welfare theory are attributed to his work, Economics of Welfare (1926). However, there are commentators who speculate that no matter how innovative Pigou may have been, many of his major theoretical contributions to welfare analysis lacked originality and were based on pre-Marshallian concepts; ODonnell (1979) implies Henry Sidgwick is a major influence who is not attributed sufficient credit. ODonnell (1979) argues that as a firm follower of Marshall, Pigou utilised his marginal analyses of market processes. However, they differed on their beliefs in the ability of competitive markets and economic freedom to stimulate economic growth and reduce poverty; Marshall was confident that competitive markets, left alone, would lead to efficient allocation and that government intervention would create so many disincentives that it may cause more harm than good (Walker, 1989). Conversely Pigou argued that fairness is only to be achieved through extensive government intervention. Moreover, when Pigou (1926, 1928) sought to formalise the problems of market failure and the appropriate government solutions, he turned to Sigdwicks earlier propositions on government intervention. More than half a century before Pigou, Sidgwick and J. S. Mill initiated the transition from the non-interventionist approach of the classical tradition to the more interventionist orientation that characterised neoclassical welfare theory and influenced Pigous theory of welfare (Medema, 2007). Subsequently it is argued that in defining welfare and the general qualifications for a welfare criterion (wherein the similarities between basic welfare considerations of Pigou and Sidgwick are obvious), Pigou is not original (ODonnell, 1979). He was, however, genuinely innovative in introducing the terms Marginal Social Net Product (MSNP) and Marginal Private Net Product (MPNP); although Sidgwick (1897) expressed similar conclusions about divergences between private and social benefits marginal considerations were not part of his analysis and his generalised concept was not as concise as Pigous (ODonnell, 1979). Therefore, whilst Pigous contribution to welfare economics is undeniable, he is criticised for developing what is essentially a synthesis of ideas and analyses from Marshall and Sidgwick. Yet, if we again invoke the purpose for his inquiry and his beliefs about the practical use of economics, the fruits of his contribution yielded an expansive literature on not only welfare economics but also public finance and environmental economics for which he is undeniably responsible; the purpose isà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦that the fabric of theory shall be a yielding garment, fitting the varied and complex reality of economic life as closely as is demanded by the criterion that the conclusions to which the theory leads shall be both useful and general (Young, 1913: 686). SECTION III The working of self-interest is generally beneficent, not because of some natural coincidence between the self-interest of each and the good of all, but because human institutions are arranged so as to compel self-interest to work in directions in which it will be beneficent (Cannan in Pigou, 1926: 130) We move now to the subject of government intervention in the economy. In his relatively unknown essay on State Action and Laissez-Faire Pigou stated the real question is not whether the State should act or not, but on what principles, in what degree and over what departments of economic life its action should be carried on (Pigou in Medema, 2009: 65). In Economics of Welfare (1926) Pigou controversially advocates the need for government intervention in the form of taxes and bounties to correct for market failures and our defective telescopic faculty. External Economies In Economics of Welfare (1926) Pigou originated the innovative theoretical distinction between social and private benefits and costs, illustrating how private production costs for a firm do not necessarily reflect total social costs of production. This analysis formed the basis for much of the analysis in modern environmental economics (Myint 1948). He states that when value of MSNP (marginal physical product of the factor as appropriated by the producer * market price of product) is greater than MSNP (total of products and services from employment of the additional factor no matter to whom they may accrue) external economies exist and the government must intervene in the market to ensure the industry contracts the optimum output may be reached and economic welfare may thus be maximised (Pigou, 1926). Coase what coase said economists have tended to overestimate the advantages of government intervention and that such intervention may not actually be desirable in certain situations? Monopolies Pigou says that monopolies are bad and that governments should intervene to make sure they dont overrun? Something like this? But people argue against that and say that this is not good and his assumptions are wrong! CONCLUSION General optimum and national dividend are major elements that constitute his theory of welfare. Section I National Dividend National Dividend and General Optimum National Dividend he outlines the national dividend which is defined as _______. Is very important because it is the measure he outlines as the aggregate indicator of welfare. Discussion Hayek criticised his conception of the national dividend because of his assumption of Maintaining capital intact stating that __________________ General Optimum and Criterion for welfare maximisation He says that anything that increases the national dividend, so long as it doesnt reduce the share going to the poor will increase total welfare and anything that increases the share of the poor so long as it doesnt affect the national dividend, will also increase welfare. Discussion Buchanan (http://www.heinonline.org.ezproxy.webfeat.lib.ed.ac.uk/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/jlecono2id=1size=2collection=journalsindex=journals/jlecono#126) outlines the difference between Pigous optimum and Paretos optimum ODonnell criticises Pigou for lack of originality, claiming that he has basically created a synthesis of Pre-Marshallian ideas and Marshallian analysis (the only thing original being his contribution of MSNP and MPNP). Myint criticises Pigou for trying to impose Marshalls physical analysis onto what should be a subjective level of analysis: since welfare theory, as argued by graff, is a normative theory. Section II External Effects Pigou basically says that private firms do not always take into account the Monopolies MONOPOLIES 6. I do not propose to say very much in this paper about the welfare economics of monopoly and imperfect competition, for this is altogether too large a subject to be capable of useful treat- ment on the scale here available. A very large part of the estab- lished theory of imperfect competition falls under the head of welfare economics, and it is actually much the strongest part of the theory which does so. Considered as a branch of positive economics, the theory of imperfect competition is even now not very convincing; the assumption that the individual producer has a clear idea of the demand curve confronting him has been justifiably questioned, and the presence of intractable elements of oligopoly in most markets has been justifiably suspected. When it is considered as a branch of welfare economics, the theory of imperfect competition has a much clearer status. Oligopoly and monopolistic competition fall into their places as reasons for the inequality between price and marginal c ost, whose consequences are then a most fertile field for study along welfare lines. It is perhaps rather to be regretted that modern theories of imperfect competition have not been cast more overtly into this form; for the general apparatus of welfare economics would have made it possible to state some of the most important pro- positions in a more guarded way than usual. Take, for example, the very important question of the optimum number of firms in an imperfectly competitive industry, which is so near the centre of modern discussion. Since (ex hypothesi) the different firms are producing products which are economicaly distinguishable, the question is one of those which falls under the heading of our third set of optimum conditions-the totl conditions; we have to ask whether a reduction in the number of products would be conducive to a movement towards the optimum. Suppose then that a particular firm is closed down. The loss involved im its cessation is measured by the compensati on which would have to be given to consumers to make up for their loss of the opportunity to consume the missing product, plus the compensation which would have to be given to producers to make up for the excess of their earnings in this use over what they could earn in other uses. The loss is therefore measured by Marshalls Surplus (Consumers Surplus 1 plus Producers Surplus). Under conditions of perfect competition, this loss is a net loss. For when the factors are transferred to other uses, they will have to be scattered about at the margins of those uses; and (since the earnings of a factor equal the value of its marginal product) the additional production made possible by the use of the factors in these new places is equal in value to the earnings of the factors (already accounted for). Under perfect competition, the marginal productivity law ensures that there is no producers surplus generated at the new margins; while, since the marginal unit of any commodity is worth no more than what is paid for it, there can be no consumers surplus either. Thus there is nothing to set against the initial loss; there cannot be a movement towards the optimum if the number of products is reduced. But if competition is imperfect, there is something to set on the other side. The earnings of a factor are now less than the value of its marginal product by an amount which varies with the degree of monopolistic exploitation; and therefore the increment to production which can be secured by using the factors at other margins is worth more than the earnings of the factors. There is a producers surplus, even at the margin, and this producers surplus may outweigh the initial loss. The general condition for a particular firm to be such that its existence is compatible with the optimum is that the sum of the consumers and producers surpluses generated by its activities must be greater than the producers surplus which would be generated by employing its factors (and exploiting them) elsewhere. The rule usually given is a special case of this general rule. If entry to the industry is free, price equals average cost, and the producers surplus generated by the firm as a whole can be neglected. If the products of the different firms are very cl ose substitutes, or merely distinguished by irrational pre- ferences, consumers surplus can perhaps be neglected as well. With these simplifications, the number of firms in an impe competitive industry is always excessive, so long as price is greater than marginal cost anywhere in the industry. (Or, if we can retain the identity of price with average cost, the number of firms is excessive until average cost is reduced to a minimum.) These, however, are simplifications; it is not always true that the number of firms in an imperfectly competitive industry is excessive, though very often it may be. Before recommending in practice a policy of shutting down redundant firms, we ought to be sure that the full condition is satisfied; and we ought to be very sure that the discarded factors will in fact be transferred to more productive uses. In a world where the most the economist can hope for is that he will be listened to occasionallY, that is not always so certain. In the absence of costs of movement the allocation of resources by competitive markets achieves universally equal marginal private net products. However, the production of ideal output requires equality of marginal social net products. Where private and social net products diverge, there is a prima facie case for reallocation of resources (Economics of welfare page 136) The Economics of Welfare Pigous major work, Wealth and Welfare (1912) and Economics of Welfare (1920), developed Alfred Marshalls concept of externalities (see Pigou, 1920), costs imposed or benefits conferred on others that are not taken into account by the person taking the action. Pigou attributed welfare gains to the greater marginal utility a dollar of income had for the poor compared to the rich; a transfer of income from rich to poor increased total utility that could also be defined as increased quality of life. Pigou also argued that welfare gains came from improving the quality of the work force through changes in the distribution of income or by improved working conditions. He argued that the existence of externalities was sufficient justification for government intervention. The reason was that if someone was creating a negative externality, such as pollution, he would engage in too much of the activity that generated the externality. Someone creating a positive externality, say, by educating himself and thus making himself more interesting to other people, would not invest enough in his education because he would not perceive the value to himself as being as great as the value to society. To discourage the activity that caused the negative externality, Pigou advocated a tax on the activity. To encourage the activity that created the positive externality, he advocated a subsidy. These are now called Pigovian (or Pigovian) taxes and subsidies. Let us now consider two excerpts that typify Pigous social policy, mentioned above: One person A, in the course of rendering some service, for which payments is made, to a second person B, incidentally also renders services or disservices to other personsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ of such sort that payment cannot be exacted from benefited parties or compensation enforced on behalf of the injured parties (Pigou 1932). It is possible for the State to remove the divergence [between private and social net product] through bounties and taxes (Pigou 1932). In the Economics of Welfare, Pigou says that his aim is to ascertain how far the free play of self-interest, acting under the existing legal system, tends to distribute the countrys resources in the way most favorable to the production of a large national dividend, and how far it is feasible for State action to improve upon natural tendencies. He starts by referring to optimistic followers of the classical economists who have argued that the value of production would be maximized if the government refrained from any interference in the economic system and the economic arrangements were those which came about naturally (Pigou 1932). Pigou goes on to say that if self-interest does promote economic welfare, it is because human institutions have been devised to make it so. He concludes: But even in the most advanced States there are failures and imperfections there are many obstacles that prevent a communitys resources from being distributed in the most efficient way. The study of these constitutes our present problem its purpose is essentially practical. It seeks to bring into clearer light some of the ways in which it now is, or eventually may become, feasible for governments to control the play of economic forces in such wise as to promote the economic welfare, and through that, the total welfare, of their citizens as a whole (Pigou 1932). Pigous thoughts are further elucidated: Some have argued that no State action is needed. But the system has performed as well as it has because of State action: Nonetheless, there are still imperfections. it might happen that costs are thrown upon people not directly concerned, through, say, uncompensated damage done to surrounding woods by sparks from railway engines. All such effects must be included-some of them will be positive, others negative elements-in reckoning up the social net product of the marginal increment of any volume of resources turned into any use or place (Pigou 1932) To illustrate this discussion further, let us consider an example: Suppose a paper mill was being planned on a certain river and an economist was given all facts about the river-in-question and told that a paper mill was to be sited so that it could discharge oxygen-consuming waste into the river. Suppose further that the economist was asked to analyze the situation, offer a policy for siting the mill, and comment on the practical aspects of adopting the policy proposal as a general rule. The first approach involves an externality analysis, where the paper mill pollutes the river, imposing an unwanted cost on society, a cost that does not enter the mill owners profit calculations. This is the problem of social cost. Following this line of inquiry, failure to consider the external cost leads to too much paper and too little environmental quality. This economist would be using an analytical framework developed by A. C. Pigou who would argue that pollution generates a social cost that should be dealt with by the central government. He would propose a system of taxes, bounties, and regulations for resolving the problem. Most likely, the economist using this framework would call for some form of effluent taxes or regulation to control the mills discharge. Pigous solution spoke of market failure and the need for a central authority to fine-tune markets so that the appropriate level of pollution would emerge. This approach called for collection of complicated and rapidly changing information, translating the information into a tax or regulation, and imposing the tax or rule on the polluter. In fact, modern environmental economics began with the work of Arthur Pigou, who developed the analysis of externalities. His name is attached to the traditional policy proposal, Pigouvian taxes on polluting activities, equal to the value of the damages. Coases alternative solution Pigous approach came under attack from Lionel Robbins and Frank Knight. The New Welfare Economics that arose in the late 1930s dispensed with much of Pigous analytical toolbox. Later, the Public Choice theorists rejected Pigous approach for its naive benevolent despot assumption. Finally, Nobel Laureate Ronald Coase demonstrated that efficient outcomes could be generated without government intervention when property rights are clearly defined. Coase presents his case in the article The Problem of Social Cost (1960). To explain this alternative let us continue with the paper mill example. There is a second approach likely taken. In this line of thinking the economist considers the paper mill and others who wish to consume or enjoy water quality as part of a competitive market where people bargain for the use of rights to scarce property. This analysis has nothing to do with polluters imposing cost on society, but everything to do with competing demands for use of an asset. If rights to the asset are defined and assigned to members of the river-basin community, then those planning to build the paper mill must bargain with the rightholders to determine just how much, if any, waste will discharge into the river. If the rights are held by the mill, then the existing communities along the river must bargain with the mill owner for rights to water quality. Again, bargaining determines the amount of discharge to the river. This approach relies on the work of Ronald Coase (1960). Using this framework, an economist might recommend a meeting of the mill owners and others who have access to the river. After organizing the parties, negotiations would ensue. If existing river users owned water-quality rights, the mill would have to buy the rights in order to discharge specified amounts of waste. If the mill had the right to pollute, existing river users would have to buy water quality from the mill, paying the mill to limit its discharges. In other words, Pigouvian taxes do embody the important principle that polluters should pay for the damages they inflict on society. But in both law and economics, a more conservative analysis has gained popularity. Legal scholar Ronald Coase argued that taxes and regulation might be unnecessary, since under some circumstances polluters and those harmed by pollution could engage in private negotiation to determine the appropriate compensation. While Pigous examples of externalities often involved simultaneous harms to large numbers of people, Coases examples tended to be localized, individual nuisances, where one persons behavior disturbed the immediate neighbors. The image of environmental externalities as localized nuisances serves to trivialize the real problems of widespread, collective threats to health and nature. Creative alternative readings of Coase have been suggested at times, but the dominant interpretation of his work has provided an intellectual basis for the retreat fr om regulation. Comparison of Pigous and Coases approaches Evidence of the record of Coases intellectual influence is seen in the count of citations to his 1960 article, which are shown in Yardley (1977). The citation data of Coases (1960) The Problem of Social Cost and Pigous (1932) The Economics of Welfare are superimposed on a count of Federal Register pages for the same years. The data mapping suggests several things. First, Pigous influence on academics seems to operate at a steady state. There is no evidence that Pigovians were responding to the growth of regulation occurring around them. The Coase citations indicate the reverse. References to his ideas seem to be a reaction to th

Women and Education Essay -- Educating Female History Argumentative Es

Women and Education An education holds significance to many people for a variety of reasons. For some, it may be the route to a desired career or just the next step after high school. For others, attending a university is a way to increase their awareness of other viewpoints through the exposure to the diverse culture represented on a campus. In evaluating the value and significance of my own education, I reflected on the education of the women of the 19th century. Their outlook on education is somewhat different than ours today because of the fact that it was difficult and rare to be an educated woman during this period. Today we posses the freedom to pursue almost any field available. However, in some instances we face lower salaries and in some cases less respect than men with the same training. Only 16% of college and university presidents and 25% of chief academic officers are women. Chief business officers are 13% women. We must educate and prove ourselves so that our daughters experience greater opportunities than we do as we experienced more than our ancestors because of their hard work. The female gender throughout early history has been characterized as a homekeeper. They were not the bread bearers of the family partially because work was dominated by manual labor. Men were naturally more suited to these jobs due to their superior strength. As time progressed, business progressed. A successful business began to rely on brain power instead of muscle power. Women can participate in this type of work just as efficiently as men. Unfortunately, many of the men and women of this period were reluctant to change the long tradition of women remaining in the home. Therefore, the development of women’s le... ... with expressions of deference† while the â€Å"avenues to which stand ever wide open, yawning like the gates of hell.† To be forced into a day to day activity devoid of you interest is similar to a prison sentence. The frustration of possessing passion for something unreachable fueled the rebellion of the women insisting on making education available. Through my research into the history of developing education for women and making it acceptable, I have come to appreciate it on a different level. My education is not only a result of my hours of studying, but of the people throughout many decades who suffered without the same opportunities I have and faced constant criticisms to do what they choose. What I take away from this university is one of the only things you can count on, knowledge. Knowledge that allows me the freedom to do whatever I choose in life.